Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 33, Problem 3TY
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Myelin sheath is defined as the insulating layer present on the axons of most of the neurons. It is composed of fatty acids and proteins. It increases the rate of signal transmission quite efficiently.
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Select all of the statements from the list below that are true.
Within a single axon, an action potential is always of the same magnitude. (In other words, it always looks the same on a trace of the membrane potential.)
All excitatory post-synaptic potentials trigger an action potential.
Graded potentials are always hyperpolarizing.
The action potential always moves in one direction along an axon.
Integration of sensory information is a major function of the central nervous system.
All axons in the body are myelinated.
In the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis, a person's immune system
attacks and destroys the myelin sheath cells. What occurs as a result of
the destruction of these cells?
Action potentials can travel in two directions.
None of the answer choices are correct.
O The sodium-potassium pumps malfunction.
The speed of action potentials decreases.
Signals cannot be transmitted across the synapse.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder that causes the destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding
neurons. People with MS display many symptoms, including slurred speech, double vision, and
poor muscle coordination.
What is the direct effect of MS on nerve impulse transmission?
Select one:
The movement of impulses along neurons is
slower than normal.
Dendrites cannot be stimulated by acetylcholine,
therefore impulses are not generated in neurons.
The threshold level of stimulation for neurons is
greater than normal.
Axons cannot sectete acetylcholine, therefore
impulses are not able to travel across synapses.
O
Chapter 33 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 33.1 - Which of the following is false? The CNS of...Ch. 33.1 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 33.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 33.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 33.2 - Prob. 1BCCh. 33.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 33.2 - The resting membrane potential occurs because the...Ch. 33.3 - Are ions the only substances that can move through...Ch. 33.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 33.3 - Prob. 2CC
Ch. 33.3 - Which is false? Graded potentials may die out or...Ch. 33.3 - Action potentials require a threshold potential...Ch. 33.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 33.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 33.4 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 33.5 - Prob. 1BCCh. 33.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 33.5 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 33.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 33.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 33.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 33.6 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 33.6 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 33.7 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 33.7 - Therapeutic drugs that reduce symptoms of...Ch. 33 - Prob. 1TYCh. 33 - Prob. 2TYCh. 33 - Prob. 3TYCh. 33 - Neurons that function mainly in connecting other...Ch. 33 - Prob. 5TYCh. 33 - Prob. 6TYCh. 33 - Prob. 7TYCh. 33 - Prob. 8TYCh. 33 - Prob. 9TYCh. 33 - Prob. 10TYCh. 33 - Describe the differences between graded and action...Ch. 33 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 33 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 33 - Prob. 1CBQCh. 33 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- Temporal summation refers to: summation of action potentials in the temporal cortex. summation of postsynaptic potentials on a neuron occurring closely together in time. summation of postsynaptic potentials at different places on a neuron at the same time. summation of postsynaptic potentials in the temporal cortex.arrow_forwardExcitatory neurotransmitters open up some sodium ion channels in the postsynaptic dendrite. This allows some sodium ions (Na+) to enter the postsynaptic dendrite, making the membrane potential more positive and bringing it closer to the threshold potential. This increases the likelihood of an action potential. Inhibitory neurotransmitters open up ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane for positive potassium ions (K+) to flow out OR negative chloride ions (Cl-) to flow in. Whether potassium ions go out or chloride ions go in, the postsynaptic cell becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential (further from the threshold potential). This decreases the likelihood of an action potential. The effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane is to a. maintain the resting potential b. hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane c. depolarize the postsynaptic membrane d. decrease the threshold levelarrow_forwardWhen they are not being stimulated, neurons have an electrical charge across their membranes called the resting potential. This potential is______ charged inside. When a neuron receives a sufficiently large stimulus, and reaches a potential called the_______ , it produces an action potential. This causes the neuron to become_____ charged inside.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is not true of glial cells? They are more numerous than neurons. They transmit information. They have diverse functions in support of neurons. They can be a cause of brain tumors.arrow_forwardWith the help of figure 12.6 on page 395 and the definitions below, label the following diagram of a typical neuron. axon - the long extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from myelin sheath - the fatty substance that surrounds and the body of the cell. axon terminals - the hair-like ends of node of Ranvier - one of the many gaps in the myelin the axon cell body - the cell body of the neuron; it contains the nucleus and other cell organelles dendrites - the branching structure of Schwann's cells - cells that produce myelin - they are a neuron that receives messages |(attached to the cell body) 1. protects some nerve fibers sheath – impulses jump from node to node resulting in faster transmission nucleus - the organelle in the cell body of the neuron that contains the genetic material of the cell located within the myelin sheath. ©EnchantedLearning.com Place an arrow along the diagram to indicate the direction that impulses travel long the neuron. 2.arrow_forwardWhich of the following would occur if a neuron was experimentally stimulated simultaneously at both ends? The action potentials would pass in the middle and travel to the opposite ends The action potentials would stop as they meet in the middle. The stronger action potential would override the weaker action potential. Summation would occur when the action potentials meet in the middle, resulting in a larger action potential.arrow_forward
- In the resting state, before or long after an action potential occurs, the activation gates of voltage regulated sodium channels are _____, the inactivation gates of the voltage regulated sodium channels are _____, and the voltage regulated potassium channels are _____arrow_forwardIf you inhibit the closing of sodium channels what do you predict the effect on neuronal function will be? If you inhibit the closing of sodium channels what do you predict the effect on neuronal function will be? Hyper-excitability: more sodium ions flow into the cell, causing neurons to fire more readily Hypo-excitability: more sodium ions flow into the cell, causing neurons not to fire as readily Less sodium is pumped out of the cell, slowing down return to the resting state Sodium ions are toxic to neurons, leading to cell proliferationarrow_forwardYour nervous system is organized into two broad anatomical divisions: the central nervous system (consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Your PNS is further organized into two functional divisions. If you tap your knee, the signal to act is carried via your to the muscles in your knee. In contrast, the signals that pass via the are involuntary and act primarily to regulate your body's internal environment. This involuntary nerve system is further organized into three divisions. If you need a sudden burst of energy, your is activated to help you act quickly. In contrast, if you are relaxing and conserving energy, then it is your that is primarily in action. The third division is your which helps control the components of the digestive system.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is NOT true regarding the changes that occur during an action potential. Check All That Apply When stimulus is sufficient to cause the threshold potential to be reached, the area stimulated opens its voltage-gated sodium channels.When stimulus is sufficient to cause the threshold potential to be reached, the area stimulated opens its voltage-gated sodium channels. After threshold is reached, the sodium ions move into the cell via the Na+/K+ pump, the inside of the cell becomes momentarily positive.After threshold is reached, the sodium ions move into the cell via the Na+/K+ pump, the inside of the cell becomes momentarily positive. At almost the same time as Na+ channels are closing, voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing an increased movement of potassium ions out of the cellAt almost the same time as Na+ channels are closing, voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing an increased movement of potassium ions out of the cell The…arrow_forwardrefers to the ability of neurons to respond to different stimuli. excitability secretion conductivity elasticity OO00arrow_forwardThe following table summarizes the characteristics of four different neurons. Based on these characteristics, which of these neurons would most likely have the slowest conduction velocity? Neuron #3 #4 O #1 O #2 #3 O #4 Diameter (μM) P Myelination noarrow_forward
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