Δ G o and equilibrium constant K p at 150 o C has to be calculated. Concept introduction: Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl N i ( C O ) 4 is formed and subsequently decomposed. N i ( s ) + 4 C O ( g ) ⇌ N i ( C O ) 4 ( g ) , where Δ H o = − 160.8 k J Δ S o = − 410 J / K Δ G o = Δ H o − T Δ S o , where Δ G o , the change in standard Gibbs free energy , Δ H o is the change in standard enthalpy Δ S o is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin. Δ G o = − R T ln K p where Δ G o , the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314 J and K p is the equilibrium constant.

Question

Want to see the full answer?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.136MP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 150oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 230oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Reason for large negative value in for ΔSo and also the change in ΔGo with temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔSo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in Kp with increasing temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔHo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Students have asked these similar questions

For the Haber process, Kc = 9.5 at 300C. Calculate Kp for this reaction at this temperature. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3 (g)

Consider the reaction: H2(8) + (8) = 2 HI(g) The following data show the equilibrium constant for this reac- tion measured at several different temperatures. Use the data to find AHen and ASn for the reaction. Temperature Kp 150 K 1.4 x 10-6 175 K 4.6 x 104 200 K 3.6 x 10-2 225 K 1.1 250 K 15.5

In a blast furnace, carbon monoxide (CO) is used to reduce ferric oxide (Fe,O3) to metallic iron, with carbon dioxide as a by-product. The equilibrium constant Kp for the redox reaction is 19.9 at 1000 K. If the equilibrium pressure of CO2 is 2.4 atm, how much pressure is exerted by CO? Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) = 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.136MP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 150oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 230oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Reason for large negative value in for ΔSo and also the change in ΔGo with temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔSo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in Kp with increasing temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔHo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.136MP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 150oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 230oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Reason for large negative value in for ΔSo and also the change in ΔGo with temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔSo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in Kp with increasing temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔHo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.136MP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 150oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 230oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Reason for large negative value in for ΔSo and also the change in ΔGo with temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔSo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in Kp with increasing temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔHo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 21, Problem 21.136MP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 150oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 230oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Reason for large negative value in for ΔSo and also the change in ΔGo with temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔSo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in Kp with increasing temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔHo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Answer 6

Chapter 21, Problem 21.136MP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 150oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Answer 7

Chapter 21, Problem 21.136MP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 150oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 230oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔGo and equilibrium constant Kp at 230oC has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy , ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Reason for large negative value in for ΔSo and also the change in ΔGo with temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔSo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Reason for large negative value in for ΔSo and also the change in ΔGo with temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔSo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in Kp with increasing temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔHo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in Kp with increasing temperature is consistent with the negative value of ΔHo has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Mond process is a method in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Ni(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ Ni(CO)4(g), where ΔHo = −160.8kJ ΔSo=−410J/K

ΔGo= ΔHo−TΔSo , where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, ΔHo is the change in standard enthalpy ΔSo is the change in standard entropy and T is the temperature in kelvin.

ΔGo=−RTln Kp, where ΔGo, the change in standard Gibbs free energy, R is the universal gas constant 8.314J and Kp is the equilibrium constant.

Answer 14

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 17

Ch. 21.1 - In view of the 3charge on the PO43 ion, explain...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 21.2P Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 21.3P Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 21.4P Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 21.5CP Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 21.6P Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 21.7CP Ch. 21.6 - Prob. 21.8P Ch. 21.7 - Show that one unit cell of YBa2Cu3O7 (Figure...Ch. 21.8 - Prob. 21.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains the Mond process in which volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)_4 is formed and subsequently decomposed.

Videos

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 21 Solutions