Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 34, Problem 9TY
Which is true?
- A loss of taste buds would reduce a person’s sense of smell.
- Olfactory sensory receptors have a limited lifetime and can’t be replaced.
- Chemoreception only occurs in terrestrial animals.
- The relative size of the olfactory bulbs is a good predictor of a mammal’s ability to sense odors.
- There are a very small number of types of odor receptor proteins in animals.
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When light hits a retinal molecule bound to the rhodopsin, the retinal molecule changes its
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the rhodopsin receptor to also undergo a change in its conformation and become activated.
11-cis isomer
**
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Phototransduction in photoreceptor cells
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J
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GTP
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1. Light hits the retinal molecule and changes into an all-trans configuration
2. This change in the retinal conformation activates the rhodopsin photoreceptor
3. The rhodopsin photoreceptor then activates a specific heterotrimeric G protein called
transducin.
4. The transducin then activates a…
The senses of smell and taste both respond to exposure to chemicals. In what ways are the molecules and biochemistry underlying the perceptions of smell and taste similar to one another? In what ways are they different?
Taste buds are sensory receptors for taste located on the tongue. When a person eats a spicy food, receptors on the tongue pick up a stimulus. The stimulus initiates the movement of ions across the membrane. If the threshold level is reached, an action potential is generated and a signal is sent to the brain telling the brain that the food is spicy.
The reason that some individuals have a higher tolerance to spicy food than others is due to a difference in the
a. duration of the refractory period
b. number of Na+/K+ ion exchange pumps
c. strength of the stimulus
d. threshold level
Chapter 34 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 34.1 - Prob. 1BCCh. 34.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.2 - Prob. 1BCCh. 34.2 - Prob. 2BCCh. 34.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 34.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.4 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 34.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 34.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.4 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 34.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.5 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 34.6 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.6 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 34 - Prob. 1TYCh. 34 - Prob. 2TYCh. 34 - The sensory receptors for audition (hearing) are...Ch. 34 - In an experiment to test the function of...Ch. 34 - Prob. 5TYCh. 34 - Prob. 6TYCh. 34 - Prob. 7TYCh. 34 - Prob. 8TYCh. 34 - Which is true? A loss of taste buds would reduce a...Ch. 34 - Prob. 10TYCh. 34 - Prob. 1CCQCh. 34 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 34 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 34 - Prob. 1CBQCh. 34 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- Chemoreception in vertebrates and insects is mediated through clearly distinguishable senses of taste and smell. Contrast these two senses in humans in terms of anatomical location and nature of the receptors and sensitivity to chemical molecules. Describe chemore-ception in insectsarrow_forwardWhich of these statements about taste is true? All bitter-tasting compounds have a similar chemical structure Sourness is detected when hydrogen ions bind to membrane receptors Sodium ions from foods can directly depolarize certain taste cells Sweetness is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in foodarrow_forwardCaffeine is an inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase. Predict what caffeine will do to my heart rate -- Support with the correct physiological mechanism And you may ask yourself "Well....how did I get to membrane potentials?" If caffeine were applied to the retina, what would happen. Include the mechanism we covered on how you detect lightarrow_forward
- In most neurons, membrane depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-dependent ion channels, generation of an action potential, and, ultimately, an influx of Ca2+, which causes release of neurotransmitter at the axon terminus. Devise a cellular strategy by which hyperpolarization in rod cells could produce excitation of the visual pathway and passage of visual signals to the brain. (Hint: The neuronal signaling pathway in higher organisms consists of a series of neurons that relay information to the brain. The signal released by one neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory to the following, postsynaptic neuron.)arrow_forward5. The sense of smell – is one of the possible ways to detect a signal from the environment in animals, including humans. It is now acknowledged that human can detect about 10000 types of smells (odors). Receptors, recciving the scent, can define molecules differed by only one carbon atom or by one functional group. The molecule of an odorous substance odorant, binds to granule- adsorbent in a mucus composite, covering the olfactory cells in the nasal cavity. Complex odorant-adsorbent interacts with cell membrane receptor. The final part of this signal transduction is the opening of CAMP-dependent Nat-channels in the olfactory cell membrane. This results in excitation of the olfactory neuron and transduction of action potential via olfactory nerve to the central nervous system. Explain the specificity of all proteins and non-protein molecules structure, which takes part in the odorant substance transduction. For that: a) copy Fig. 4.17 in your notebook and add the required compounds to…arrow_forwardScent-free zones are important recommendations because some people are very sensitive to odorants. What is one reason that someone might be over-sensitive to odorants? higher threshold to activate the Golf cascade greater hyperpolarized resting potential in olfactory neurons reduced sensitivity of the Golf response lower threshold to activate the Golf cascadearrow_forward
- Use the word bank to answer, answers can only be used once from the word bank Microvilli are to taste receptors as ---- are two smell receptors. Human have ---- glomeruli in each olfactory bulb. Taste receptors for sour substances ----. The first processing stage of taste information in the brain is ----. The neurotransmitter released by taste receptors: ----. ---- transmit smell information directly to the Piriform cortex. Condition tasted version involves memory it in the ----. Sensitivity to this taste enables us to identify sources of protein: ----. Mice have ---- different types of olfactory receptor cells. Axons of olfactory sensory neurons ----. Word bank: Ionotropic Cranial nerves Cilia 2000 Umami 1000 Unmyelinated Insular Cortex Mitral cells ATP 25000 Unipolar 350 PTC Papillae Metabotropic Gustatory Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Bipolar receptor neuronsarrow_forwardOccupational Hearing Loss Frequent exposure to loud noise of a particular pitch can cause loss of hair cells in the part of the cochlea that responds to that pitch. People who work with or around noisy machinery are at risk for such frequency-specific hearing loss. Taking precautions such as using ear plugs to reduce sound exposure is important. Noise-induced hearing loss can be prevented, but once it occurs it is irreversible because dead or damaged hair cells are not replaced. FIGURE 33.24 shows the threshold decibel levels at which sounds of different frequencies can be detected by an average 25-year-old carpenter, a 50-year-old carpenter, and a 50-year-old who has not been exposed to on-the-job noise. Sound frequencies are given in hertz (cycles per second), The more cycles per second, the higher the pitch. FIGURE 33.24 Effects of age aria occupational noise exposure. The graph shows the threshold hearing capacities fin decibels) for sounds of different frequencies (given in hertz) in a 25-year-okj carpenter (blue). a 50-year-old carpenter (red), arid a 50-year-ofd who did not have any on-the-job noise exposure (brown). 1. Which sound frequency was most easily detected by all three people?arrow_forwardWhich of the following events does not occur during light absorption in the vertebrate eye? The retinal component of rhodopsin changes from cis to trans form. Rhodopsin, a G-proteincoupled receptor, triggers a signaltransduction pathway to close Na+ channels in the plasmamembrane. The light stimulus passes from rods and cones to bipolar cellsand horizontal cells and then to ganglion cells, whose axonscompose the optic nerve. As light absorption increases, the rhodopsin response causesan increase in the release of neurotransmitters. When integrating information across the retina, horizontalcells connect the rods and cones, and amacrine cells join with the bipolar cells and ganglion cells.arrow_forward
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