Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 34.4, Problem 2CC
Summary Introduction
To analyze:
The cells, which forms synapse with photoreceptors.
Introduction:
Visual pigments are the molecules that absorb light; they are embedded in the disc membranes, of the outer segment of rods and cones. These are photoreceptors that absorb light. The pigment contains rod cells that are rhodopsin where cons cells contain pigment opsin which helps to visualize things.
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Why are photoreceptors depolarized in the dark?
Based on the attached figure (Figure 9.8 in the textbook), what is
the actual membrane mechanism mediating the light-induced
hyperpolarization of a photoreceptor?
(A) Dark
Rod outer segment
CGMP
0
CGMP
CGMP
CGMP
K+
Rod inner
segment
Inside
Obelecendra
EX
Ca²+
Na+
Outside
Na+ influx,
K+ efflux:
Depolarization
(B) Light
Rod outer segment
LIELITI
CGMP
reduced
Rod inner
segment
Ca2+
Na
Inside
Outside
Reduced Na+ influx,
K* efflux:
Hyperpolarization
What is the action of the neurotransmitter that is released from photoreceptor cells on bipolar cells?
Chapter 34 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 34.1 - Prob. 1BCCh. 34.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.2 - Prob. 1BCCh. 34.2 - Prob. 2BCCh. 34.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 34.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.4 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 34.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 34.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.4 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 34.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.5 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 34.6 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.6 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 34 - Prob. 1TYCh. 34 - Prob. 2TYCh. 34 - The sensory receptors for audition (hearing) are...Ch. 34 - In an experiment to test the function of...Ch. 34 - Prob. 5TYCh. 34 - Prob. 6TYCh. 34 - Prob. 7TYCh. 34 - Prob. 8TYCh. 34 - Which is true? A loss of taste buds would reduce a...Ch. 34 - Prob. 10TYCh. 34 - Prob. 1CCQCh. 34 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 34 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 34 - Prob. 1CBQCh. 34 - Prob. 2CBQ
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Which statement about the events of photoreception is false? a) as a rod cell hyperpolarizes, its release of neurotransmitter increases b) there is more Na+ entry into a rod cell in the dark than in the light c) bipolar cells release more neurotransmitter in the light than in the dark d) as a bipolar cell depolarizes, its release of neurotransmitter increases e) when a rod cell releases neurotransmitter the bipolar cell it synapses with hyperpolarizesarrow_forwardExplain the Structure of Photoreceptors?arrow_forwardHow are Ca2+ channels involved in phototransduction? they cause neurotransmitter release even if no action potentials are produced are not affected by PDE activation in the outer segments when open, they lead to hyperpolarization in photoreceptors in darkness, they do not rely on CGMP levels The density of cones in the retina: is highest where cone outer segments increase in diameter is lowest where retinal blood vessels are absent is drastically less than that of rods in the fovea is indicative of what areas are associated with acuity The recycling of rhodopsin.arrow_forward
- Describe the steps involved in vertebrate phototransduction by photoreceptors and further retinal processing by bipolar and ganglion cells.arrow_forwardRetinal is therefore a key player that triggers a series of activation in phototransduction (see figure below). Phototransduction in photoreceptor cells Disc membrane 1000000000…………………………. Disc lumen Light Rhodopsin GDP Transducin Photoreceptor cytosol GTP GTP GTP PDE CGMP CGMP inhibition CGMP GMP PDE6i GMP GMP Extracellular environment Plasma membrane 1. Light hits the retinal molecule and changes into an all-trans configuration 2. This change in the retinal conformation activates the rhodopsin photoreceptor 3. The rhodopsin photoreceptor then activates a specific heterotrimeric G protein called transducin. 4. The transducin then activates a downstream protein called PDE. Both PDE and the transducin G protein are attached to the plasma membrane by a lipid anchor. This makes them close to each other and facilitates the activation of PDE by the transducin G protein. The activity of the protein PDE can itself be regulated. It can for example be inhibited by a drug called PDE6i. 7. What…arrow_forwardWhere is rhodopsin localized in a vertebrate retinal rod? Whereis the receptor potential generated? How does the transductionmechanism of the rod connect these two sites? How does itincrease light sensitivity?arrow_forward
- Discuss the distinct roles of rod cells, cone cells, andrhodopsin in converting a light stimulus into a nerveimpulse.arrow_forwardTransduction of a stimulus usually causes depolarization of a sensory receptor. a.)In most receptors, what is the chemical basis for this depolarization (that is, what is the specific mechanism for the change)?b.)How is a photoreceptor different from other receptors in terms of its membrane potential? c.) Explain how photoreceptors in the light can lead to excitation of some bipolar cells and inhibition of othersarrow_forwardDescribe the events that convert light into a neural signal.arrow_forward
- key function of rod photoreceptors is to: detect colors detect fine details in the visual field. detect light under low levels of illumination. detect light under high levels of illumination. During phototransduction, transducin activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) that converts: GTP to GDP CGMP to GMP retinal cis to retinal trans retinal trans to retinal cisarrow_forwardThe best characterization of receptive fields in retinal ganglion cells that respond best to light-dark contrast is that for a cell that responds to light it has no response to light in its center on field for a cell that responds to light it has a strong response to light in the surround field for a cell that responds to light it has a strong response to light in its center on field for a cell that responds to light it has a weak response to light in its center on fieldarrow_forwardGiven these events:(1) Bipolar cells depolarize.(2) Glutamate release from presynaptic terminals of photoreceptorcells decreases.(3) Light strikes photoreceptor cells.(4) Photoreceptor cells are depolarized.(5) Photoreceptor cells are hyperpolarized.Choose the arrangement that lists the correct order of events, startingwith the photoreceptor cells in the resting, nonactivated state.a. 1,2,3,4,5 b. 2,4,3,5,1 c. 3,4,2,5,1 d. 4,3,5,2,1 e. 5,3,4,1,2arrow_forward
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