Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 34.4, Problem 2TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Visual pigments are the molecules that absorb light; they are embedded in the disc membranes of the outer segment of rods and cones. These pigments consist of two components bonded together.
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Which the correct order of passing information of light stimuli among cells in the
retina?
ganglion cell → bipolar cells → photoreceptor
photoreceptor → amacrine cells → ganglion cell
horizontal cell photoreceptor →ganglion cell
Ophotoreceptor → bipolar cells → ganglion cell
How are Ca2+ channels involved in phototransduction?
they cause neurotransmitter release even if no action potentials are produced
are not affected by PDE activation in the outer segments
when open, they lead to hyperpolarization in photoreceptors
in darkness, they do not rely on CGMP levels
The density of cones in the retina:
is highest where cone outer segments increase in diameter
is lowest where retinal blood vessels are absent
is drastically less than that of rods in the fovea
is indicative of what areas are associated with acuity
The recycling of rhodopsin.
Which is the correct order of passing information of light stimuli among cells in the
retina?
ganglion cell bipolar cells → photoreceptor
photoreceptor amacrine cells ganglion cell
horizontal cell photoreceptor ganglion cell
photoreceptor → bipolar cells → ganglion cell
Chapter 34 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 34.1 - Prob. 1BCCh. 34.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.2 - Prob. 1BCCh. 34.2 - Prob. 2BCCh. 34.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 34.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.4 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 34.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 34.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.4 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 34.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.5 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 34.6 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 34.6 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 34 - Prob. 1TYCh. 34 - Prob. 2TYCh. 34 - The sensory receptors for audition (hearing) are...Ch. 34 - In an experiment to test the function of...Ch. 34 - Prob. 5TYCh. 34 - Prob. 6TYCh. 34 - Prob. 7TYCh. 34 - Prob. 8TYCh. 34 - Which is true? A loss of taste buds would reduce a...Ch. 34 - Prob. 10TYCh. 34 - Prob. 1CCQCh. 34 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 34 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 34 - Prob. 1CBQCh. 34 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- For vertebrate photoreception, define: (a) photopigment; (b) photoreceptor; and (c) receptive field.arrow_forwardFigure 36.18 Which of the following statements about the human eye is false? Rods detect color, while cones detect only shades of gray. When light enters the retina, it passes the ganglion cells and bipolar cells before reaching photoreceptors at the rear of the eye. The iris adjusts the amount of light coming into the eye. The cornea is a protective layer on the front of the eye.arrow_forwardkey function of rod photoreceptors is to: detect colors detect fine details in the visual field. detect light under low levels of illumination. detect light under high levels of illumination. During phototransduction, transducin activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) that converts: GTP to GDP CGMP to GMP retinal cis to retinal trans retinal trans to retinal cisarrow_forward
- Describe the steps involved in vertebrate phototransduction by photoreceptors and further retinal processing by bipolar and ganglion cells.arrow_forwardHuman color vision is "produced" by the nervous system based on how three different cone receptors interact with photons oflight in the eye. These three different types of cones interact with photons of different frequency light, as indicated in the following chart:arrow_forwardList the structures light travels through to reach thephotoreceptors of a human eyearrow_forward
- Put the following steps in order for transduction for vision. Question options: PDE breaks down cyclic GMP Photon is absorbed by discs the photoreceptor hyperpolarizes Sodium channels are inactivated and the dark current stops Opsin is activated Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is activated Transducin is activatedarrow_forwardIn a detailed essay, Explain the process of phototransduction and signal transmission in the retina. Be sure to include the steps associated with the formation/breakdown of Rhodopsin as well as the signal transduction process that takes place in the retina beginning in the dark. Be sure to also include where in the retina these process are taking place (i.e rods, bipolar cells or ganglion cells, outer segment, inner segment...). Please provide step-by-step details! please be sure you add all required info.arrow_forwardInclude a 5-10 sentence explanation of how the sheep’s eye senses light and relays that data to the brain to interpret visual information. Some pieces to consider: What path does the light travel? What structures and pigments does it interact with? How does the signal travel to the brain? Where in the brain is the data processed? How is this different in the high light vs low light? How might the sheep’s vision differ from our own?arrow_forward
- Review how photoreceptors within the eye detect light and transmit that information to the brain, by identifying each lettered structure in the figure below and answering the questions that follow: A: B: C: D: E: F: G: Which structure responds to color?: Which structure responds to dim light and movement?: Which two structures release neurotransmitters in response to light?: Which structure binds to those neurotransmitters, relays an action potential, and releases a second set of neurotransmitters?: Which structure binds to this second set of neurotransmitters and relays an action potential through the optic nerve to the brain?: Which direction does light travel through the retina? Toward the choroid or away?: Which direction do neural signals travel through the retina? Toward the choroid or away?:arrow_forwardSection B: Matching. Match the following (an answer may be used more than once): Causes platelets to aggregate in positive-feedback fashion Activates prothrombin First factor activated in intrinsic clotting pathway 1. 2. 3. 4. Forms the meshwork of the clot 5. Stabilizes the clot Activates fibrinogen Activated by tissue thromboplastin Inhibits platelet aggregation 6. 7. 8. (a) fibrin (b) ADP (c) thrombin (d) factor X (e) factor XII (f) factor XIII (g) prostacyclinarrow_forwardThe function of the vertebrate eye is unusual compared with other processes found within the body. For example, the direction in which sensory information flows is actually opposite to the path that light takes through the retina. Explain the sequence of events involved in the movement of light and information through the structures of the eye and explain why they move in opposite directions. Compare this sequence to the functioning of the Mollusk eye.arrow_forward
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