Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 16.2, Problem 2TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The epigenetic modifications involve acetylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, and so on. These changes can take place in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), cytoplasm, or Golgi body. The changes are important as they infer specialization and enzymatic activity to the proteins.
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Gene A encodes for a protein A which prevents exit from the G1 phase of the cell
cycle.
You are studying mutations in gene A.
Which of the following are true for gene A? Select all that apply
A mutation that gives constitutively active protein A in one allele and a deletion
of the entire gene in the second allele will transform the cell
Gene A is a proto-oncogene
A nonsense mutation that replaces the fourth codon with a stop codon in one
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Gene A is a tumor supressor gene
In humans, dosage compensation is accomplished by:
inactivating one X chromosome in female somatic cells
inactivating one homolog from each homologous pair of chromosomes in female somatic cells
inactivating the Y chromosome in male somatic cells
increasing gene expression from the X chromosome in male somatic cell
Figure 19.25 shows that the Sxl protein binds to the mRNA of the msl-2 gene, inhibiting translation of the mRNA’s proper reading frame. The MSL-2 protein is a transcription factor that binds to the X chromosome in XY males to double the level of X-linked gene transcription, thus equalizing X-linked gene expression in XY males and XX females.
a. In which sex, XY males or XX females, would the Sxl protein bind to the msl-2 mRNA?
b. As discussed in Problem 35, some Sxl alleles are lethal to females and others are lethal to males. Is the function of Sxl in regulating the synthesis of Msl-2 protein sufficient to explain the sex-specific lethality caused by both kinds of alleles?
c. Predict the effect of loss-of-function mutations in msl-2 on male and female fertility and viability.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 16.1 - Which of the following is an epigenetic change...Ch. 16.2 - If you crossed an Igf 2 Igf 2- male mouse to an...Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 16.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 16.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 16.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 16.3 - Which of the following statements regarding...Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 16.4 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 16.5 - Prob. 1BC
Ch. 16.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 16.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 16.5 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 16.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 16.6 - Prob. 1BCCh. 16.6 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 16.6 - Genes that are linked do not conform to Mendels...Ch. 16 - Which of the following is an example of an...Ch. 16 - In mice, the allele of the Igf2 gene that is...Ch. 16 - Prob. 3TYCh. 16 - The marking process for genomic imprinting...Ch. 16 - According to Mary Lyons hypothesis, the patchwork...Ch. 16 - Prob. 6TYCh. 16 - Prob. 7TYCh. 16 - Prob. 8TYCh. 16 - Prob. 9TYCh. 16 - Prob. 10TYCh. 16 - Prob. 1CCQCh. 16 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 16 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 16 - Prob. 1CBQCh. 16 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- Our understanding of maternal effect genes has been greatly aided by their identification in experimental organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. In experimental organisms with a short generation time, geneticists have successfully searched for mutant alleles that prevent the normal process of embryonic development. In many cases, the offspring die at early embryonic or larval stages. These are called maternal effect lethal alleles. How would a researcher identify a mutation that produced a recessive maternal effect lethal allele?arrow_forwardTransmission of information that is not contained within the sequence of DNA to daughter cells at cell division is called epigenetic inheritance. true falsearrow_forwardDuchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a disease that manifests in muscle weakness. It exhibits X-linked recessive inheritance pattern. The dystrophin gene is large and can have many different mutations along the DNA. From the following mutations between the gene sequence (DNA template strand) of a healthy male and an affected brother determine if they would affect the production of mRNA or the sequence of the protein. Base your analysis on the position of the mutation in the transcription unit, and the impact of the change on the codons. Mutation 1: Position -6 Healthy individual A Affected brother C Group of answer choices A. Normal mRNA, normal protein B. No mRNA produced (promoter affected) C. Abnormal mRNA, affected protein D. Normal mRNA, affected protein Base your analysis on the position of the mutation in the transcription unit, and the impact of the change on the codons.arrow_forward
- Fragile X syndrome, caused by a change in the FMR1 gene, is the most common form of intellectual disability. In patients with this syndrome, a small part of the gene is repeated several times in one area of the chromosome. This defect in the gene makes the body unable to produce adequate amounts of a protein needed for normal brain functioning. In males, this syndrome causes a moderate intellectual disability, and in females, a mild intellectual disability. A family that exhibits Fragile X syndrome is shown in the pedigree. In the pedigree, squares represent males and circles represent females. Shaded symbols represent a person with the disorder. 3 6 7 8. 9 10 11 Which of the following correctly predicts the outcome if offspring 11 mated with a homozygous normal female, based on the inheritance pattern shown in the pedigree? The male offspring would exhibit Fragile X syndrome because Fragile X is an X-linked recessive trait. The female offspring would exhibit Fragile X syndrome because…arrow_forwardFragile X syndrome, caused by a change in the FMR1 gene, is the most common form of intellectual disability. In patients with this syndrome, a small part of the gene is repeated several times in one area of the chromosome. This defect in the gene makes the body unable to produce adequate amounts of a protein needed for normal brain functioning. In males, this syndrome causes a moderate intellectual disability, and in females, a mild intellectual disability. A family that exhibits Fragile X syndrome is shown in the pedigree. In the pedigree, squares represent males and circles represent females. Shaded symbols represent a person with the disorder. Which of the following correctly predicts the outcome if offspring 11 mated with a homozygous normal female, based on the inheritance pattern shown in the pedigree? A - The male offspring would exhibit Fragile X syndrome because Fragile X is an X-linked recessive trait. B - The female offspring would exhibit Fragile X syndrome because Fragile…arrow_forwardWhat type of epigenetic change is responsible for genomic imprinting?arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements regarding X-inactivation is TRUE?(posted) Inactivated X chromosomes are only found in somatic cells of females. After X-inactivation happens in a cell, all daughter cells resulting from mitotic events of that cell will have the same X chromosome ina none of the statements listed here are true X-inactivation is a random event that happens during human development right before a fetus is born. all of the statements listed here are true)arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is false? Dosage compensation is accomplished in humans by stimulation of gene expression from the single X chromosome. Dosage compensation is accomplished in humans by inactivating a female X chomosome. An individual with Turner Syndrome has no Barr bodies. An individual with Klinefelter syndrome generally has one Barr body. A typical XX human female has one Barr body.arrow_forwardAn epigenetic study of maternal care in mice was used to study transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. This study found that increased maternal care during childhood resulted in lower stress levels as adults and decreased maternal care with their own offspring. Increased maternal care during childhood resulted in lower stress levels as adults and increased maternal care with their own offspring. Increased maternal care during childhood resulted in higher stress levels as adults and decreased maternal care with their own offspring. Increased maternal care during childhood resulted in higher stress levels as adults and increased maternal care with their own offspring.arrow_forward
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