Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 19, Problem 2CBQ
Summary Introduction
To write:
How the random mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection may have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains.
Introduction:
Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are not controlled or killed by the antibiotics. They are able to survive and multiply in the presence of antibiotics. Most infection-causing microorganisms can become resistant to some antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs when microorganisms change in some way that eliminates or reduces the effectiveness of antibiotic drugs.
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Antibiotics are commonly used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. During the past several decades, however, antibiotic-
resistant strains of microorganisms have become alarmingly prevalent. This resistance has undermined the effectiveness of
antibiotics in treating many types of infectious disease. Discuss how the following processes that alter allele frequencies may have
contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains:
A. Random mutation
B. Genetic drift
C. Natural selection
A researcher examines a locus, or marker, in which there is a particular C/T polymorphism in a population of interest. Let’s call this Locus 1. They obtain the following genotype counts in a sample of the population: CC:42, CT:16, TT:32.
a) Calculate the genotype frequencies and the allele frequencies for Locus 1 in the sample.b) Calculate the observed heterozygosity (the frequency of heterozygotes) and the observed homozygosity (the total frequency of all homozygotes) in the sample. Ensure that these two frequencies add up to 1.
The Scarborough shoal in the South China sea is home to the Peliotsky turtle. A recessive mutation "floppy" is known in the turtle which interferes with normal flipper growth and makes the turtle less mobile and unable to survive severe storms. In 2008 a sample survey of a large, freely interbreeding, population of turtles found 47 individuals with the mutant phenotype out of a population of 341 individuals.
a) Calculate the frequencies of the recessive and dominant alleles in the turtle population.
Chapter 19 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.1 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 19.1 - The phrase an organism evolves is incorrect....Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 1BCCh. 19.2 - Explain how geography played a key role in the...Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 19.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 19.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.2 - Homologous traits show similarities because the...Ch. 19.3 - What is the frequency of pink flowers in a...
Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.3 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 19.4 - Lets suppose the climate on an island abruptly...Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 19.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 19.4 - Prob. 4CCCh. 19.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.4 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 19.4 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 19.5 - How does the bottleneck effect undermine the...Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.5 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 19.5 - Prob. 1BCCh. 19.6 - How does migration affect the genetic compositions...Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 1BCCh. 19.6 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.6 - Populations that experience inbreeding may also...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1TYCh. 19 - An evolutionary change in which a population of...Ch. 19 - Homology occurs because different species occupy...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4TYCh. 19 - Prob. 5TYCh. 19 - Prob. 6TYCh. 19 - Prob. 7TYCh. 19 - Prob. 8TYCh. 19 - Prob. 9TYCh. 19 - The micro-evolutionary factor most sensitive to...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1CCQCh. 19 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 19 - A principle of biology is that populations of...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1CBQCh. 19 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- Snow geese (Chen caerulescens) come in two color types, white “snows” and “blues” with dark bodies. A single gene controls coloration, where the dark (“blue”) allele (D) is dominant. Researchers using genetic testing are able to determine the following numbers of individuals of each genotype in another population of geese: DD = 10576, Dd = 14503, dd = 4922. What is the actual frequency of genotype DD? A.) 0.483 B.) 0.164 C.) 0.352 D.) 0.734arrow_forwardNieman-Pick Syndrome involves a defective enzyme, sphyngomylinase. It is usually fatal before the age of 3. The defective allele frequency is 0.01 in Ashkenazi populations. Let’s call the healthy allele A, and the lethal allele a. a) What is the frequency of allele A? Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, how many people do you expect to have the three genotypes in a population of 10,000? b) AA:_______ c) Aa:________ d) aa:_________arrow_forwardFigure 18-22 shows 10 haplotypes from a population before a selective sweep and another 10 haplotypes many generations later after a selective sweep has occurred for this chromosomal region. There are 11 loci defining each haplotype, including one with a red allele that was the target of selection. In the figure, two loci are designated as A and B. These loci each have two alleles: one black and the other gray. Calculate the linkage disequilibriumparameter (D) between A and B, both before and after the selective sweep. What effect has the selective sweep had on the level of linkage disequilibrium?arrow_forward
- Snow geese (Chen caerulescens) come in two color types, white “snows” and “blues” with dark bodies. A single gene controls coloration, where the dark (“blue”) allele (D) is dominant. Researchers using genetic testing are able to determine the following numbers of individuals of each genotype in another population of geese: DD = 10576, Dd = 14503, dd = 4922. -What is the actual frequency of genotype Dd? -According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of genotype Dd, dd -According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected number of individuals of genotype DD?arrow_forwardYou are studying a population of penguins in Antarctica. Your DNA analysis of this population reveals that for the feather color pattern gene, 35 individuals are homozygous dominant, 35 individuals are heterozygous, and 30 individuals are homozygous recessive. After observing this population for several years, you repeat your DNA study and find that the current generation of penguins has 15 individuals that are homozygous dominant, 10 individuals that are heterozygous, and 75 individuals that are homozygous recessive. Which of the following hypotheses for this data would be supported by this data based on your understanding of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? This population of penguins is maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to its large population size. The penguins are randomly choosing mates, which has led to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The penguins are very isolated, which is preventing gene flow from affecting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The recessive phenotype in…arrow_forwardConsidering the Hardy-Weinberg theorem’s assumptions, which of the following statements is NOT correct? (Recall that there are certain assumptions that must be true in order for the Hardy-Weinberg theorem to accurately predict genotype ratios in the next generation.)a) The population must be very large so there random genetic drift will not occur.b) No natural selection can occur.c) Mating must be random.d) Individuals must migrate into and out of the population so that gene flow will occur.e) Mutations must not occur.arrow_forward
- The prevalence (frequency) of sickle-cell disease in Canada is quite low, affecting 1/3800 individuals. However, in some African populations 1/25 individuals are affected by sickle-cell disease. The difference in frequency of this allele within the differing populations has to do with the adaptation pressures that exist in the different environments. Individuals with the heterozygous genotype have a survival advantage in environments where the disease malaria is prevalent as the presence of this mutant allele leads to resistance to malaria. Therefore, the sickle-cell disease tends to be more frequent in environments where the malaria parasite is most common. Question: Explain why the sickle-cell disease remains frequent in some populations while it exists in very low frequency in other populations.arrow_forwardSnow geese (Chen caerulescens) come in two color types, white “snows” and “blues” with dark bodies. A single gene controls coloration, where the dark (“blue”) allele (D) is dominant. Researchers using genetic testing are able to determine the following numbers of individuals of each genotype in another population of geese: DD = 10576, Dd = 14503, dd = 4922. What is the actual frequency of allele D? Group of answer choices A.) 0.406 B.) 0.097 C.) 0.180 D.) 0.594arrow_forwardA mutation produces a new beneficial dominant allele. Which of the following statements is false when considering the rate of frequency change that will be observed for this allele in the population? a) The allele will initially be present in heterozygotes. b) It is less likely to reach frequency of 1.0 than if it had been recessive. c) Its frequency will increase slowly until homozygotes occur in the population. d) Individuals with this allele will express the favorable phenotype.arrow_forward
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