Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 19.6, Problem 1BC
Summary Introduction
To write:
The explanation for whether inbreeding would increase or decrease the likelihood of recessive human genetic diseases.
Introduction:
Inbreeding refers to the breeding between the mates of common ancestry. Inbreeding reduces heterozygosity in the population and show a corresponding increase in homozygosity.
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Heterozygote advantage is an interesting condition in those individuals who have one of each allele (dominant and recessive) have a higher survival rate than those individuals who are either homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive. Sickle-cell anemia is such a genetic disease associated with the recessive allele. Normal homozygous individuals (SS) have normal blood cells that are easily infected with the malarial parasite. Thus, many of these individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (ss) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (Ss) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these "partially defective" red blood cells. Thus, heterozygotes tend to…
How does inbreeding affect the likelihood that recessive traits will be expressed? Explain.
Sickle cell anemia is caused by a recessive allele at a single gene. As we discussed in class, being a homozygote for the sickle cell allele is almost always lethal, but heterozygotes tend to be resistant against malaria although they have a mild form of anemia. Because of this heterozygote advantage, the allele for sickle cell anemia has a frequency of more than 10% in some human populations.
How would present allele frequencies of the sickle cell allele change, if there was no heterozygote advantage or disadvantage (that is, that heterozygotes would be identical to ‘normal’ homozygotes – no malaria resistance, no anemia)? How would the change in sickle cell allele frequencies compare to scenario a (extirpation of malaria)
Chapter 19 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.1 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 19.1 - The phrase an organism evolves is incorrect....Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 1BCCh. 19.2 - Explain how geography played a key role in the...Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 19.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 19.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.2 - Homologous traits show similarities because the...Ch. 19.3 - What is the frequency of pink flowers in a...
Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.3 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 19.4 - Lets suppose the climate on an island abruptly...Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 19.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 19.4 - Prob. 4CCCh. 19.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.4 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 19.4 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 19.5 - How does the bottleneck effect undermine the...Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.5 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 19.5 - Prob. 1BCCh. 19.6 - How does migration affect the genetic compositions...Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 1BCCh. 19.6 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.6 - Populations that experience inbreeding may also...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1TYCh. 19 - An evolutionary change in which a population of...Ch. 19 - Homology occurs because different species occupy...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4TYCh. 19 - Prob. 5TYCh. 19 - Prob. 6TYCh. 19 - Prob. 7TYCh. 19 - Prob. 8TYCh. 19 - Prob. 9TYCh. 19 - The micro-evolutionary factor most sensitive to...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1CCQCh. 19 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 19 - A principle of biology is that populations of...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1CBQCh. 19 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- How does inbreeding increase the probabilities of recessive disorders? a. Carriers have an increased chance of reproducing together to produce a homozygous recessive condition b. Homozygous recessive individuals are more likely to live an reproduce when based within strong families c. Spontaneous mutations are increased when closely related organisms reproduce successively d. The probability that individuals who are homozygous recessive increase as the heterozygous conditions increasearrow_forwardA family pedigree is shown here. A. What is the inbreeding coefficient for individual IV-2? Who is/ are her parents’ common ancestor(s)? B. Based on the data shown in this pedigree, is individual III-4 inbredarrow_forwardIdentify each of the following as an example of allele, genotype, and/or phenotype frequency: A. Approximately 1 in 2500 people of Northern European descent is born with cystic fibrosis. B. The percentage of carriers of the sickle cell allele in West Africa is approximately 13%. C. The number of new mutations for achondroplasia, a genetic disorder, is approximately 5 × 10–5.arrow_forward
- From the 1700s to the early 1950s there was an unusually high percentage of deaf people on the island of Martha’s Vineyard off the coast of Massachusetts, USA.Deafness was a recessive hereditary trait, and there was a very small population of people living on the island. This meant that almost everyone had both deaf and hearing siblings. In the mid-1850s, the frequency of deaf people on the island was well over 30% higher than the U.S. national average.The high frequency of deaf individuals on the island of Martha’s Vineyard is best explained by Select one: a. genetic drift b. founder effect c. non-random mating d. bottleneck effectarrow_forwardIn the year 2500, five male space colonists and five female space colonists (all unrelated to each other) settle on an uninhabited Earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. All ten of the original colonists had widow's peaks (a hairline trait), and four were heterozygous for that trait. Hairline with Widow's peak OOOO The allele for straight hairline (w) is recessive to the allele for widow's peak (W). That means that the allele frequencies in the original population are W = 0.9 and w = 0.1 W = 0.6 and w = 0.4 W = 0.8 and w = 0.2 Straight hairline ED W = 0.16 and w = 0.04arrow_forwardThere are now nearly 200 recognized breeds of dog, from the Affenpinscher to the Yorkshire Terrier. But several of these suffer from medical problems due to the inbreeding required to establish the breed. For example, nearly every Cavalier King Charles (discussed in the Biology and Society essay) suffers from heart murmurs caused by a genetically defective heart valve. Such problems are likely to remain as long as the organizations that oversee dog breeding maintain strict pedigree requirements. Some people are suggesting that every breed be allowed to mix with others to help introduce new gene lines free of the congenital defects. Why do you think the governing societies are resistant to such cross-breed mixing? What would you do if you were in charge of addressing the genetic defects that currently plague some breeds?arrow_forward
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Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY