Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 21, Problem 5TY
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that presents the evolutionary relationship among different species based on biological diversity data. In a phylogenetic tree, species are found at the tip of the tree. Each branch point is called nodes and they represent divergent events. Most recent common ancestors lie at each branch point.
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Which of the phylogenetic trees below represent the same evolutionary relationships?
Tree 1
Tree 2
Tree 3
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D
G
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O Tree 1 and Tree 3
O Tree 1 and Tree 2
O Tree 2 and Tree 3
All three represent the same relationships
O No two trees represent the same relationships
Identify the outgroup from the phylogenetic trees and box/mark the whole lineage in red.
Identify the most recent common ancestor for species A and B and mark it in blue. Identify the
most recent common ancestor for species C and D and mark it in green.
E
A B C D E
B C D E
Circle which of the phylogenetic trees is/are different from the one at the top:
Chapter 21 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 21.1 - Refer back to Figure 4.8. Which of the three...Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 21.1 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 21.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 21.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 21.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 21.2 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 21.3 - What shared derived character is common to the...
Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 21.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 21.3 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 21.4 - Prob. 1BCCh. 21.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 21.4 - An analysis of the number of neutral genetic...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.5 - Which of the following is an example of horizontal...Ch. 21 - Prob. 1TYCh. 21 - Which of the following is the correct order of the...Ch. 21 - Which type of taxon consists of organisms with the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 4TYCh. 21 - Prob. 5TYCh. 21 - Prob. 6TYCh. 21 - Prob. 7TYCh. 21 - Prob. 8TYCh. 21 - The concept that the preferred hypothesis is (lie...Ch. 21 - Prob. 10TYCh. 21 - Prob. 1CCQCh. 21 - What is a molecular clock? How is it used in...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 21 - Prob. 1CBQCh. 21 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- what is phylogeny? A group whose members share one or more defining derived traits The evolutionary history of a species or a group of species The process of making hypotheses about evolutionary relationships among cladesarrow_forwardA polytomy of three taxa indicates three descendants evolved from their immediate common ancestor. True or Falsearrow_forwardWhen several possible phylogenetic trees can be produced from a data set, the most parsimonious tree: O is the one that shows the smallest number of synapomorphies. O is the one that shows the largest number of nodes. O is the one that shows the largest number of analogous characteristics. O is the one that shows the smallest number of evolutionary changes. O is the one that shows the smallest number of branches.arrow_forward
- A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among different biological species or genes or organisms from a common ancestor. They are used as a research tool in various fields. All of the provided statements are true regarding phylogenetic trees, except? It is considered as a hypothesis of the evolutionary path. It is a tool that shows the evolutionary pathway. It shows evolutionary history through common ancestors. It shows only the phenotypic similarity.arrow_forwardIt is the proportion of replicate phylogenies that recovered a particular clade from the original phylogeny built using the original alignment. This also serves as a confidence level that at out of 100, how many times the same branch is observed when repeating the generation of a phylogenetic tree on a resampled set of data. OOO Branch length Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUS) Branch node Bootstrap valuearrow_forwardBelow is an example of a particular kind of phylogenetic tree called a chronogram. Chronoograms are named because the length of the branches represents different lengths of time. Nodes are represented by vertical lines, and branches with horizontal ones. They can be arranged horizontally, with the most recent evolutions on the right. Given this information, the taxa that is most closely related to Dubautia ciliolata c. 529 (highlighted below) is _________________ (make sure to type exactly the same characters, including the numbers; do not italicize).arrow_forward
- Phylogenetic trees are diagrams used to reflect evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms. _______ trees have a single ancestral line to which all organisms in the diagram relate to. ______ do not have a common ancestor but do show relationships among species.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is a problem with applying the phylogenetic species concept? Some individuals we think are different species can interbreed Some individuals look exceedingly similar Increased DNA sequencing could lead to different definitions of species No one knows how to make a phylogenyarrow_forwardWhen constructing phylogenetic trees, Biologists often adhere to the principle of "maximum parsimony". This means that; Scientists should not include an outgroup when constructing their trees Scientists rarely use DNA to construct phylogenetic trees The phylogenetic tree that is involves the fewest changes is probably correct Scientists do not use homologous characteristics in their treesarrow_forward
- A cladogram used in a comparison of morphology among taxa had equal length branches, but when looked at in a blast webpage using the given gene sequence, the branches all had different lengths. Why is that?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is true about cladograms? Cladograms are used to show the organisms that are phenotypically different Cladograms are constructed to represent the sequence of events that took place in Earth Cladograms are used to show the sequence of organisms that arise on Earth Cladograms are used to represent the evolutionary relationships between groups of animalsarrow_forwardWhen reading a phylogenetic tree, which of the following is true regarding the evolutionary relationships among the taxa represented on the tree? Taxa located at adjacent tips of the branches are always more closely related to each other than to other taxa on the tree. Therefore, a species is always equally related to the taxon on the branch immediately to the right it and the taxon on the branch immediately to the left of it The branch lengths always represent the amount of morphological change between taxa The internal nodes (branching points) of the tree represent the most recent common ancestors of the taxa connected by the branches The position of taxa on the tree is completely arbitrary and does not reflect their evolutionary relationshipsarrow_forward
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