Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 21.3, Problem 2TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
A cladogram can be used to visualize the groups of organisms being compared, how they are related, and their most common ancestors. There are different methods used to choose among possible cladograms, Principle of parsimony states that the preferred hypothesis is the one that is the simplest for all the characters and their states.
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Construct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed.
a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram?
b) Now that your tree has been constructed, how confident do you feel in your hypothesis and why?
Notice that a couple of things are different from the previous charts. Firstly, the derived traits and species name have switched axis. Secondly, you will see that in this chart there are derived traits that have evolved independently in different organisms. Use the principle of maximum parsimony to make a draft of the cladogram. The theory of maximum parsimony states that the simplest explanation consistent with the data should be examined first. The most parsimonious trees require the fewest evolutionary events. Construct your own cladogram using the information from the chart as a guide.
In the following cladogram species A, B, C, and the root of the tree together represent what sort of group?
Chapter 21 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 21.1 - Refer back to Figure 4.8. Which of the three...Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 21.1 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 21.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 21.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 21.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 21.2 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 21.3 - What shared derived character is common to the...
Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 21.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 21.3 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 21.4 - Prob. 1BCCh. 21.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 21.4 - An analysis of the number of neutral genetic...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.5 - Which of the following is an example of horizontal...Ch. 21 - Prob. 1TYCh. 21 - Which of the following is the correct order of the...Ch. 21 - Which type of taxon consists of organisms with the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 4TYCh. 21 - Prob. 5TYCh. 21 - Prob. 6TYCh. 21 - Prob. 7TYCh. 21 - Prob. 8TYCh. 21 - The concept that the preferred hypothesis is (lie...Ch. 21 - Prob. 10TYCh. 21 - Prob. 1CCQCh. 21 - What is a molecular clock? How is it used in...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 21 - Prob. 1CBQCh. 21 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- give a cladogram with the following: dog, bird, fish, mango, and mahoganyarrow_forwardConsider the cladogram shown. 1. Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synamorphies)? 2. Which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states (plesiomorphies)?arrow_forwardYou will sketch a cladogram for the named organisms below. I do not expect you to know all the unique features of each organism or which features are more important than others (yet). However, when you create branches you must indicate what characteristic (trait) you chose to make the splitting decision. Just state the trait on the cladogram. The interpretation will come later. (A) Create a cladogram for the following organisms: amoeba, panda, chameleon, salamander, trout, leech, sea anemone (B) From your cladogram select two organisms that would form a MONOPHYLETIC group and a second two that could form a PARAPHYLETIC group. Define each term. (C) You don't have to draw one, but explain how a Phylogenetic tree of thesearrow_forward
- *Each number (1.1, 2.1, etc) represents a character/synapomorphy. How many character changes are there in the cladogram? Are there any unexpected or unusual result in the cladogram?arrow_forwardCladistics Exercise: The following is a chart demonstrating the shared derived traits among several clades of animals. The row across the top represents the animals, the column on the left represents a trait. An X in the box shows which animals have the particular trait, and which do not. Take out a piece of paper and draw a diagonal line. Then add the nodes and draw in which species drop off at each node. In other words, construct a cladogram for this chart. Then take a picture of the cladogram and upload it to complete this assignment. Chart of Traits and Species Rhesus Snapping Kangaroo Lamprey Bullfrog Human Tuna Monkey Turtle Dorsal Nerve Cord X X X Vertebral column X X Paired legs X Amniotic sac Mammary Glands Placenta Foramen magnum forward TOTALS of Xs 1 6 3 7 4 2 Amnion (a membrane that holds in the amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo; may or may not be inside an egg shell)arrow_forwardWhen constructing phylogenetic trees, what is the purpose of applying maximum parsimony? Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree. For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious tree requires the maximum evolutionary events. The outgroup roots the tree, allowing the principle of parsimony to be applied. For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious is the one that uses the simplest explanation of evolutionary events.arrow_forward
- CHARACTERS 1 2 3 4 5 SPECIES A 0 0 1 0 0 B 1 0 1 0 1 C 1 0 1 1 0 D 1 1 1 0 1 Use the cladistic approach (using parsimony) to draw the tree that derives from the same data matrix above. Map both the species and the traits to your tree.arrow_forwardWhat is a cladogram? A cladogram is a diagram that shows relations among organisms. A cladogram uses lines that branch to end at groups of organisms with a common ancestor. The image shows the relationship among groups A, B, and C. Closely related organisms will have one or more SHARED TRAITS, indicated by the green and orange circles. 1. Which two organisms are most closely related? 2. The green dot indicates a trait that is shared by every animal on the diagram. Suggest a trait that would apply. 3. Animals A & B share a trait that animal C does not have, indicated by the orange circle. Suggest a trait that would apply. Source: https//commons wikimedia org/wiki/File Identical cladograms svg B.arrow_forwardCladograms and phylogenetic trees are both examples of evolutionary trees. While both types contain groups of organisms that descended from a common ancestor, phylogenetic trees are typically constructed in a way where the length of the "branches" and their relation to other organisms on the tree represent the inferred evolutionary change that actually occurred. On the other hand, cladograms typically display "branches" that are of equal distance to one another.The primary purpose of this assignment is for you become comfortable reading evolutionary trees, to accurately determine recent common ancestors, to identify which organisms are extinct (dead), extant (living), and the general relationship genetics plays in the overarching process of evolution. 1. What types of evidence could scientists look at to make an accurate evolutionary tree?arrow_forward
- Which of the following terms is related to cladistics?arrow_forwardWhen presenting a phylogenetic tree, researchers will often indicate the level of bootstrap support for each clade. This is done by placing a percentile number along the branch leading to that clade, as in the figure above. Here, the number 80 indicates that the - A. the outgroup is a monophyletic clade in 80% of the bootstrap replicates. B. the ingroup is a monophyletic clade in 20% of the bootstrap replicates. C. the outroup is a monophyletic clade in 20% of the bootstrap replicates. D. the ingroup is a monophyletic clade in 80% of bootstrap replicates.arrow_forwardUse the following matrix to create a phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of the species. Mark the position of species and traits on your tree. +: is to represent the presence of the traits -: is to represent the absence of the traitsarrow_forward
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Phylogenetic Mysteries: Crash Course Zoology #12; Author: CrashCourse;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVaw7nF72Aw;License: Standard youtube license